When do these changes become effective?

After editing the TCP wrapper configuration to grant specific hosts access to a service, when do these changes become effective?
A. The new configuration becomes effective after restarting the respective service.
B. The new configuration becomes effective at the next system reboot.
C. The new configuration becomes effective when the last established connection to the service is closed.
D. The new configuration becomes effective after restarting the tcpd service.
E. The new configuration becomes effective immediately for all new connections.

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3 thoughts on “When do these changes become effective?

  1. TCP-wrapped services do not cache the rules from the hosts access files, so any changes to hosts.allow or hosts.deny take effect immediately, without restarting network services.

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