The family member of a child scheduled for heart surgery states, "I just don’t understand this open-heart or closed-heart business. I’m so confused! Can you help me understand it?" The nurse explains that patent ductus arteriosus repair is:
A. Open-heart surgery. The child will be placed on a heart-lung machine while the surgery is being performed.
B. Closed-heart surgery. It does not require that the child be placed on the heart-lung machine while the surgery is being performed.
C. A pediatric version of the coronary artery bypass graft surgery performed on adults. It is an open-heart surgery.
D. A pediatric version of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty performed on adults. It is a closed-heart surgery.
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